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Ernst Boris Chain (June 19, 1906 - August 12, 1979) was a German-born British biochemist. In 1933, after the Nazis came to power he moved to England. In 1935, he accepted a job at Oxford University as a lecturer in pathology. In 1939, he joined Howard Florey to investigate natural antibacterial agents produced by microorganisms. They revisited the work of Alexander Fleming, who had described penicillin nine years earlier, and went on to discover penicillin's therapeutic action and its chemical composition. He also theorized the structure of penicillin, which was confirmed by X-ray crystallography done by Dorothy Hodgkin. For this research, Chain, Florey, and Fleming received the Nobel Prize in 1945. After WWII, he moved to Rome, to work at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità . He returned to Britain in 1964 as the founder and head of the biochemistry department at Imperial College London, where he stayed until his retirement. Chain died at the Mayo General Hospital in 1979 at the age of 73. No photographer credited, 1945.