INQUISITION mass execution of citizens of Haarlem accused of being disciples of the devil, under the rule of Fernando Alvarez of Toledo (29 October 1507-11 December 1582), charged by Philip II to bring the United Provinces back to Catholicism. Fernando's son, Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, conquered the city for this purpose with the siege of 1573. The ferocious determination of the third Duke of Alba, governor of the Spanish Netherlands, earned him the nickname of Duke of the Dutch Protestants. Iron and butcher from Flanders. Illustration by 'De Leone Belgico' of the Austrian historian and cartographer Michael Aitsinger (c.1530-1598), Germany XVIth century.

INQUISITION mass execution of citizens of Haarlem accused of being disciples of the devil, under the rule of Fernando Alvarez of Toledo (29 October 1507-11 December 1582), charged by Philip II to bring the United Provinces back to Catholicism. Fernando's son, Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, conquered the city for this purpose with the siege of 1573. The ferocious determination of the third Duke of Alba, governor of the Spanish Netherlands, earned him the nickname of Duke of the Dutch Protestants. Iron and butcher from Flanders. Illustration by 'De Leone Belgico' of the Austrian historian and cartographer Michael Aitsinger (c.1530-1598), Germany XVIth century.

Album / Fototeca Gilardi/Universal Images Group

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