Caption:
Astrological birth chart for Oliver Cromwell by Ebenezer Sibly, undated. Oliver Cromwell (April 25, 1599 - September 3, 1658) was an English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republic. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life as only four of his personal letters survive alongside a summary of a speech he delivered in 1628. He was an intensely religious man, a self-styled Puritan Moses, and he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He entered the English Civil War on the side of the Roundheads (Parliamentarians) and demonstrated his ability as a commander and was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to being one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. Cromwell is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles. As a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Royalists returned to power in 1660, and they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. Engraving by by W. Holl, undated.