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Edwin Chadwick (January 24, 1800 - July 6, 1890) was an English social reformer who is noted for his work to reform the Poor Laws and to improve sanitation and public health. Chadwick's Report on The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, begun in 1839 and published in 1842, was researched and published at his own expense. A supplementary report was also published in 1843. The formation of the Health of Towns Association and the creation of various city-based branches followed rapidly. His report led to the Public Health Act 1848, which was the first instance of the British government taking responsibility for the health of its citizens. He retired in 1854 and spent the remainder of his life making voluntary contributions to sanitary, health and economic questions. In recognition of his public service, he was knighted in 1889.