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Joseph-Francois Malgaigne (February 14, 1806 - October 17, 1865) was a French surgeon and medical historian. Malgaigne studied medicine in Paris, and was later a surgeon of Parisian hospitals, including Hôpitals Saint-Louis, Charité and Beaujon. He is known for his work with bone fractures and dislocations, specializing in orthopedic surgery of the knee, hip and shoulder. In 1834 he published Manuel de medecine operatoire, an influential work on surgical techniques. As an advocate of statistical analysis in medicine, he is remembered for conducting statistical hospital surveys in Paris. As an historian, he was a scholar of the works of Hippocrates and editor of Ambroise Paré's writings. In 1841 he was founder of the surgical journal Journal de chirurgie, and in 1846 became a member of the Académie de Médecine. He died in 1865 at the age of 59.