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Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian-born US anarchists convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during an armed robbery of the Slater and Morrill Shoe Company on April 15, 1920. After a few hours' deliberation, the jury found them guilty of first-degree murder on July 14, 1921. A series of appeals followed, funded by the private Sacco and Vanzetti Defense Committee. The appeals were based on recanted testimony, conflicting ballistics evidence, a prejudicial pre-trial statement by the jury foreman, and a confession by an alleged participant in the robbery. All appeals were denied by trial judge Webster Thayer and eventually by the Massachusetts State Supreme Court. Celebrated writers, artists, and academics pleaded for their pardon or for a new trial. After weeks of secret deliberation, which included interviews with the judge, lawyers, and several witnesses, the commission upheld the verdict. Sacco and Vanzetti were executed via electric chair on August 23, 1927.