Elise Johnson McDougald (1885-1971), aka Gertrude Elise McDougald Ayer, was an American educator, writer, activist and the first African-American woman principal in New York City public schools. McDougald's essay "The Double Task: The Struggle for Negro Women for Sex and Race Emancipation" was published in the March 1925 issue of Survey Graphic magazine, Harlem: The Mecca of the New Negro. This particular issue, edited by Alain Locke, helped usher in and define what is now known as the Harlem Renaissance. McDougald's contribution to this magazine, which Locke adapted for inclusion as "The Task of Negro Womanhood" in his 1925 anthology The New Negro: An Interpretation, is an early example of African-American feminist writing. Artwork by Winold Reiss (1886-Aug 1953), 1925.
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