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China: Nushu (simplified Chinese:??; traditional Chinese:??; pinyin: Nushu, literally 'women's writing'), is a syllabic script, a simplification of Chinese characters that was used exclusively among women in Jiangyong County, Hunan Province, southern China

The Nüshu script is used to write a local dialect of Chinese known as Xiangnan Tuhua (????, 'Southern Hunanese Tuhua') that is spoken by the people of the Xiao and Yongming River region of northern Jiangyong County, Hunan. In addition to speaking Tuhua, most local people in Jiangyong are bilingual in the Hunan dialect of Southwestern Mandarin, which they use for communication with people from outside the area that Tuhua is spoken, as well as for some formal occasions. If Hunan Southwestern Mandarin is written, then it is always written using standard Chinese characters, and not with the Nüshu script. In the sex-segregated world of traditional China, girls and women did not have the same access to literacy as boys and men, though throughout China's history, there were always women who could read and write; by late imperial times, women's poetry became a matter of considerable family pride in elite circles. It is not known when or how nüshu came into being, but, because it is clearly based in the standard Chinese script, hanzi, nüshu could not have been created before standardization of hanzi (circa 900). Many of the simplifications found in nüshu have been in informal use in standard Chinese since the Song and Yuan dynasty (13th - 14th century). It seems to have reached its peak during the latter part of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). The script was suppressed by the Japanese during their invasion of China in the 1930s-40s, because they feared that the Chinese could use it to send secret messages; and also during China's Cultural Revolution (1966–76). The last original writers of the script died in the 1990s (the last one in 2004). It is no longer customary for women to learn Nüshu, and literacy in Nüshu is now limited to a few scholars who learned it from the last women who were literate in it. Unlike the standard written Chinese, which is logographic (with each character representing a word or part of a word), Nüshu is phonetic, with each of its approximately 600-700 characters representing a syllable. Nüshu characters are an italic variant form of Kaishu Chinese characters. The strokes of the characters are in the form of dots, horizontals, virgules, and arcs. The script is written from top to bottom or, when horizontal, from right to left, as is traditional for Chinese. Also like standard Chinese, vertical lines are truly vertical, while lines crossing them are angled from the perpendicular. Unlike Chinese, Nüshu writers value characters written with very fine, almost threadlike, lines as a mark of fine penmanship.
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Título:
China: Nushu (simplified Chinese:??; traditional Chinese:??; pinyin: Nushu, literally 'women's writing'), is a syllabic script, a simplification of Chinese characters that was used exclusively among women in Jiangyong County, Hunan Province, southern China
Descripción:
Traducción automática: La escritura Nüshu se utiliza para escribir un dialecto local del chino conocido como Xiangnan Tuhua (????, 'Tuhua del sur de Hunan') que habla la gente de la región de los ríos Xiao y Yongming en el norte del condado de Jiangyong, Hunan. Además de hablar tuhua, la mayoría de la población local de Jiangyong es bilingüe en el dialecto de Hunan del mandarín del suroeste, que utilizan para comunicarse con personas de fuera del área donde se habla tuhua, así como para algunas ocasiones formales. Si se escribe mandarín del suroeste de Hunan, siempre se escribe utilizando caracteres chinos estándar y no con la escritura Nüshu. En el mundo segregado por sexos de la China tradicional, las niñas y las mujeres no tenían el mismo acceso a la alfabetización que los niños y los hombres, aunque a lo largo de la historia de China siempre hubo mujeres que sabían leer y escribir; A finales de la época imperial, la poesía femenina se convirtió en un motivo de considerable orgullo familiar en los círculos de élite. No se sabe cuándo ni cómo surgió el nüshu, pero, debido a que está claramente basado en la escritura china estándar, hanzi, el nüshu no podría haber sido creado antes de la estandarización del hanzi (alrededor del año 900). Muchas de las simplificaciones encontradas en nüshu han sido de uso informal en chino estándar desde la dinastía Song y Yuan (siglos XIII-XIV). Parece haber alcanzado su apogeo durante la última parte de la dinastía Qing (1644-1911). La escritura fue suprimida por los japoneses durante su invasión de China en las décadas de 1930 y 1940, porque temían que los chinos pudieran utilizarla para enviar mensajes secretos; y también durante la Revolución Cultural de China (1966-76). Los últimos escritores originales del guión murieron en la década de 1990 (el último en 2004). Ya no es costumbre que las mujeres aprendan Nüshu, y la alfabetización en Nüshu ahora se limita a unos pocos eruditos que lo aprendieron de las últimas mujeres que sabían leer y escribir en él. A diferencia del chino escrito estándar, que es logográfico (cada carácter representa una palabra o parte de una palabra), el Nüshu es fonético y cada uno de sus aproximadamente 600 a 700 caracteres representa una sílaba. Los caracteres Nüshu son una variante en cursiva de los caracteres chinos Kaishu. Los trazos de los personajes tienen forma de puntos, horizontales, vírgulas y arcos. La escritura se escribe de arriba a abajo o, cuando es horizontal, de derecha a izquierda, como es tradicional en chino. También como en el chino estándar, las líneas verticales son verdaderamente verticales, mientras que las líneas que las cruzan forman un ángulo con respecto a la perpendicular. A diferencia de los chinos, los escritores de Nüshu valoran los caracteres escritos con líneas muy finas, casi filiformes, como una señal de buena caligrafía.
The Nüshu script is used to write a local dialect of Chinese known as Xiangnan Tuhua (????, 'Southern Hunanese Tuhua') that is spoken by the people of the Xiao and Yongming River region of northern Jiangyong County, Hunan. In addition to speaking Tuhua, most local people in Jiangyong are bilingual in the Hunan dialect of Southwestern Mandarin, which they use for communication with people from outside the area that Tuhua is spoken, as well as for some formal occasions. If Hunan Southwestern Mandarin is written, then it is always written using standard Chinese characters, and not with the Nüshu script. In the sex-segregated world of traditional China, girls and women did not have the same access to literacy as boys and men, though throughout China's history, there were always women who could read and write; by late imperial times, women's poetry became a matter of considerable family pride in elite circles. It is not known when or how nüshu came into being, but, because it is clearly based in the standard Chinese script, hanzi, nüshu could not have been created before standardization of hanzi (circa 900). Many of the simplifications found in nüshu have been in informal use in standard Chinese since the Song and Yuan dynasty (13th - 14th century). It seems to have reached its peak during the latter part of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). The script was suppressed by the Japanese during their invasion of China in the 1930s-40s, because they feared that the Chinese could use it to send secret messages; and also during China's Cultural Revolution (1966–76). The last original writers of the script died in the 1990s (the last one in 2004). It is no longer customary for women to learn Nüshu, and literacy in Nüshu is now limited to a few scholars who learned it from the last women who were literate in it. Unlike the standard written Chinese, which is logographic (with each character representing a word or part of a word), Nüshu is phonetic, with each of its approximately 600-700 characters representing a syllable. Nüshu characters are an italic variant form of Kaishu Chinese characters. The strokes of the characters are in the form of dots, horizontals, virgules, and arcs. The script is written from top to bottom or, when horizontal, from right to left, as is traditional for Chinese. Also like standard Chinese, vertical lines are truly vertical, while lines crossing them are angled from the perpendicular. Unlike Chinese, Nüshu writers value characters written with very fine, almost threadlike, lines as a mark of fine penmanship.
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5100 x 2772 px | 40.4 MB
Tamaño impresión:
43.2 x 23.5 cm | 17.0 x 9.2 in (300 dpi)
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