Christ Crowned with Thorns by Antonello da Messina (Antonello di Giovanni d'Antonio), oil, perhaps over tempera, on wood, circa 1470. An artist of astonishing originality, Antonello combined a Netherlandish mastery of description with an Italian emphasis on formal presentation and expression. This painting may date as early as 1470. To increase its function as an aide to meditation, Christ is shown behind a parapet - a convention Antonello appropriated from portraiture. The device enhances the effect of Christ's physical presence and suffering: "a Man of sorrows and acquainted with grief" (Isaiah 53:3). According to the biblical Gospels a woven crown of thorns was placed on the head of Jesus during the events leading up to the his crucifixion. It was one of the instruments of the Passion, employed by Jesus' captors both to cause him pain and to mock his claim of authority. It is mentioned in the Canonical gospels of Matthew (27:29), Mark (15:17), and John (19:2, 5)